[Electronically reprinted with permission from The
Computing Teacher journal, published by the International
Society for Technology in Education. This article appeared in
1989, volume 16.]
Observations on educational electronic
networks:
The importance of appropriate activities for learning
University of Illinois
San Diego County Office of Education
University of Illinois
Kathleen Smith
Champaign School District
The uses of long-distance computer networks are becoming
increasingly attractive for educators, as the price of modems and
communication decreases, and as communication software slowly
becomes easier to use. Once we have purchased modems and
interface cards and mastered complex communication programs,
several questions remain to be answered: what are appropriate
network-based activities? How can networks be most effectively
used for education?
Since this is a new frontier for education, these questions are
by and large unanswered. However, in this paper we will describe
several network-based activities, and by contrasting successful
with less successful ones, try to sketch out some general
guidelines of how to explore this new educational tool.
An obvious but not-very-successful use of electronic
networks.
Once a teacher thinks of electronic networks as a means of
communication rather than just a way to access information, one
activity that occurs to many new users is some form of
"electronic pen pals". Teachers have their students
write pen pal letters on their word processor, send these out on
a network, and then hope that teachers and students elsewhere
(hopefully somewhere exotic) will respond. Here are two of many
such messages from new users on the FrEdMail network, an
electronic bulletin board network distributed across more than 70
schools across the United States (Rogers, 1988):
From: $IDEAS
Sent: Mar 29, 1988, 11:48 AM
Subj: looking for correspondence
From: [teacher]
IM A SIXTH GRADE TEACHER AT [school name] LOOKING FOR AN INTERESTED PARTY
TO EXCHANGE CORRESPONDENCE WITH MY CLASS. PLEASE RESPOND ASAP.
[teacher's name]
From: $IDEAS
Sent: Mar 29, 1988, 3:38 PM
Subj: pen pals
From: [teacher]
Hello! My name is [teacher's name], and I am a Jr. High School Science
teacher at [school name] in [city name]. Our home room is looking for a
class that would like to be pen pals with us. Any grade level is welcome.
If you are interested, please contact me as soon as possible. We look
forward to hearing from you!
These are fairly common initial messages from teachers who
have just joined a long-distance communication network. In fact,
we ourselves went through this process - in one of our first
explorations of long-distance networks, we started with exactly
this same kind of activity (Levin & Kareev, 1980; Levin,
Riel, Rowe, & Boruta, 1986). Electronic Pen Pals seems like a
productive way to start out a network interaction: students are
motivated, they can write for a distant audience, they may learn
about different cultures through their interaction with their
electronic pen pals. However, there are a number of non-obvious
problems with this activity, especially when used as a
whole-class introduction to the use of electronic networks. Here
is a message that was sent in response to the two messages asking
for electronic pen pals.
From: $IDEAS
Sent: Mar 31, 1988, 12:32 PM
Subj: Why pen pals is a bad idea.
From: JLEVIN
I've been noticing several calls for "electronic pen pals".
While this seems like an attractive use of the network,
especially as an initial project, I would like to warn folks
against this activity, and instead urge several alternatives
as kinds of network activities to become involved in. Here
is the sequence we've seen too many times in the course of
our work with instructional networks.
1. Your students work hard to write pen pal letters on a
word processor. There is a lot of excitement and
motivation, and this seems like a productive activity.
Finally, you send off the pen pal letters to another site.
The next day your students ask if responses have come back
yet (they know they have been sent electronically, and so
therefore their pen pal messages got there "instantly", or
at least overnight). There are no responses. The next day
they ask again, and the next, and the next ...
2. Finally, weeks later, responses come back, but only for
SOME of your students. Those who got responses are excited,
but the others are disappointed. You try to get them to
respond, but its difficult to motivate those who didn't get
responses to write again. You try to get rapid turn-around,
but school assemblies are scheduled, Johnny misses his turn
at the computer because he's sick, Mary misses hers because
of a field trip, etc. Finally, weeks later you send out
responses, but only from SOME of your students (MOST of your
students that got responses). NOW you understand why only
SOME of your students got responses. Also NOW you
understand why YOUR students didn't get instant responses.
It takes weeks to organize a set of responses, and all
during the time you've been working hard to get your
students organized and scheduled on the computer to write
their responses, the students at the OTHER school have been
asking their teacher every day why your students haven't
responded yet!
3. Since only a smaller and smaller fraction of the students
at each school get responses, this activity rapidly dies
away, leaving everyone feeling vaguely frustrated and
unfulfilled.
What to do instead of penpals?
As an alternative initial activity to "computer pals", let
me recommend that you join one of the "project" oriented
activities currently ongoing on the network. Read through
the $IDEAS postings for the past month or so and select the
one that is most interesting. Its much easier to start out
by joining in with an ongoing activity, and then once you've
gotten a feel for how these networks work, suggesting new
ideas for activities. When a new message relevant to the
project you're participating in arrives, all students will
be interested in it, and many will read it several times in
the process of carrying out the project. When a "computer
pal" message arrives addressed to one student, other
students are much less interested in reading it, and none of
the students are very interested in reading it in much
depth.
If joining into an ongoing project seems too ambitious, or
if none of the ongoing projects seems appropriate for you
and your students, a better initial activity than computer
pals is to create and post a "class directory", in which
each student in your class writes a short description of
him/herself and what s/he is interested in. You can post
this directory on $KIDWIRE and then any students elsewhere
who read it and who have matching interests can establish
contact with your students. If a cluster of common
interests appear in the directory, then someone (you, one of
your students, or someone elsewhere on the network) can use
that as a basis for organizing a new network activity
centered on that interest.
($IDEAS is a bulletin board for teachers to exchange ideas
about network projects, and $KIDWIRE is a bulletin board for
students to exchange messages on the FrEdMail network.)
This discussion is not to say that electronic networks should
never be used for Electronic Pen Pal exchanges, but our
experience strongly suggests that Electronic Pen Pals is not the
best way to start out interacting on a network.
Let us contrast the less appropriate Electronic Pen Pals
activity with a more successful one, The Noon Observation
Project. This project involved students in a number of locations
in measuring the length of a shadow at noontime on a specified
day, in order to determine the circumference of the Earth. Here
is the first message that proposed and described this project.
From: $IDEAS
Sent: Mar 26, 1988, 6:49 PM
Subj: AROGERS:Math Collaborators Needed
From: SDCOE!AROGERS
Attached is the description of an interesting project for gifted junior
high or high school trigonometry classes.
This project has students making simple measurements of the sun's shadow,
sharing their data, and then calculating the circumference of the earth.
This is a replication of the Eratosthenes of Cyrene experiment of over
2000 years ago in Ancient Greece. A real, practical experiment which
will provide lots of practice using trigonometry.
Al Rogers
Project name: ERATOSTHENES OF CYRENE EXPERIMENT
Purpose: Use simple measurements and trigonometric calculations to
determine the north-south circumference of the earth
Content Area: Math, trigonometry
Grade Level: Gifted 8th, 9th, or higher math Trigonometry classes
Background: Background information below describes how over 2000
years ago Eratosthenes made a remarkably accurate measurement of the
earth's north-south circumference. This project requires collaboration
of students in the northern and southern latitudes of the US to make
some simple measurements, share data, problem-solve the algorithms
required, and then replicate and share their results.
General Procedures:
1. At least two sites must collaborate whose latitudes are different
enough to give a significant difference in measurement.
2. When at least two sites have signed up, a date will be set to
conduct measurements.
3. On the given date (or within a day or 2 on either side, depending
on weather conditions) students will conduct their measurements outdoors
at high noon, local time. Local time must be used, as with standard
time the sun varies in altitude depending on location within your time
zone. You can use this observation to discuss the whole concept of time
zones, looking at their locations on the map, etc.
4. Using a standard meter stick, at precisely high noon local time,
each team of students (probably 2/team) will:
a. hold the meter stick perfectly vertical
b. use another meter stick to measure the length of the shadow
cast by the vertical meter stick to the nearest cm.
c. Several measurements should be made by several different students
or teams of students... the more the better.
d. The longest length and the shortest length should be discarded.
All others should be averaged.
5. This averaged shadow length, along with the standard time at which
local high noon was observed, will be modemed to the other sites
involved in the project.
6. This data, along with the precise latitude and longitude measurements
for each site, should be enough information to use trigonometry to
make a fairly accurate calculation of the earth's circumference.
Additional Details: Additional details need to be worked out. I will work
with you in developing the remaining details.
1. I am not a mathematician myself, and thus don't have the actual
algorithms required. However, it strikes me that this could be the
basis for some really good problem solving for your class. Using your
own "secret" algorithm, this could be a "contest" to see who, using
this data, gets the closest results.
2. Or, this could lend itself to some interesting discussions
between the students at the cooperating schools to come up with
a joint algorithm.
3. Preparation could include the drawing of pictures to illustrate
the original Eratosthenes solution. Also of value would be pictures
illustrating this experiment. You could mail these drawings to me.
I will write up the results derived by participating schools and
include samples of the best of these drawings, print them, and publish
them for every participant in the project.
4. Plotting of each site on maps using latitude & longitude to nearest
second will enable each site to calculate exact north/south distance,
east-west distance, and then exact straight line distance between sites.
North-south distance is essential to know to solve this problem.
How to participate: Send a message to Al Rogers at SDCOE!AROGERS stating
your intent to participate. I will set up a private conference which will
give us easy access to one another as we develop this project.
Deadline to Respond: April 22 (giving everybody plenty of time to
have spring vacations, etc.)
Observations: Week of May 2
Final Results Shared: Week of May 9
------------------------------------------------------------
The following background information was downloaded from Grolier's
Academic American Encyclopedia featured on Compuserve.
Eratosthenes of Cyrene
--------------------------------
(air-uh-tahs'-thuh-neez, sy-ree'-nee) The Greek geographer Eratosthenes,
c.276-195 BC, is best known for his accurate calculation of the Earth's
circumference.
[several more pages of encyclopedic information were included here in this
message]
Following this message were several messages from adults at
different sites around the United States agreeing to participate
in the project, which became known as the Noon Observation
Project. Here is one such follow-up message:
To: UIUC!$IDEAS
Sent: March 27, 1988, 11:02 PM
Subj: Al's Noon Observation Project
From: UIUC!JLEVIN
We're excited by Al Roger's proposed Noon Observation Project. I just
checked my world atlas, and the north-south distance between Alexandria
and Aswan is about the same as the n-s distance between San Diego and
Champaign. So we should be able to do at least as well! We're interested
in giving this project a try. I'll start working on an AppleWorks
spreadsheet template, both for storing the data and for computing
circumference from two sets of shadow measurements. Also, I'll send
tomorrow a simple method to calculate local noon, given your longitude.
Jim Levin
After several weeks, enough such messages were sent that the
project could proceed. Then there were a set of messages
organizing the effort. Here is an example organizational message:
FROM: SDCOE!AROGERS
Sent: April 17, 1988, 2:29 PM
Subj: Noon project...
... getting a nice array of participants... SF Bay area, Montana,
Orange County, and perhaps a couple of sites in San Diego.... Will put
all the pieces together this week.
Al
Finally, the first week of May arrived, and shortly
thereafter, messages reporting the data were sent. Here is one
from Montana:
From: SDCOE!$NOON
Sent: May 2, 1988, 9:02 PM
Subj: NOON PROJECT
From: [teacher's name]
OUR MEASUREMENT FOR MONDAY WAS 29.6 DEGREES. AM EAGER TO HAVE OTHER MEASUREMENTS.
And here is one from Helix High School in California:
From: SDCOE!$NOON
Sent: May 12, 1988, 1:14 PM
Subj: HELIX DATA
From: [teacher's name]
HI! MY NAME IS [student's name]. I'M A JUNIOR AT HELIX HIGH SCHOOL.I'M
IN [teacher's name]'S ALGEBRA II CLASS. MY FRIEND [another student's name]
AND I DID THE MEASUREMENTS ON MAY 5, 1988. OUR RESULTS WERE ANGLE 15.3
DEGREES. THE LONGITUDE IS 117.09 DEGRESS WEST. THE LATITUDE WAS 32.43
DEGREES NORTH. WE ARE LOCATED IN LAMESA, JUST OUTSIDE OF SAN DIEGO. THE
LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE WERE FOUND FROM AN ATLAS USING SAN D AS OUR REFERENCE.
Then a week later came the report of the Illinois data:
From: SDCOE!$NOON
Sent: May 17, 1988, 8:56 AM
Subj: Noon Data
From: [teacher's name]
Greetings,
The eighth grade Pre-algebra class of Columbia Middle School in Champaign,
Illinois has arrived at the angle needed for the "Noon Project". The angle
is 23.04 degrees. We measured on May 5, 1988. We will be glad to hear of
the results.
eight-grade Pre-algebra class
of Columbia at Champaign, Illinois
There were then a set of messages discussing the analysis of
the data. Although data came in from four sites, various problems
arose that in the end only allowed the project to use the data
from Champaign, Illinois and La Mesa, California, reported in the
messages above. The estimated circumference of the Earth derived
from the measurements in these two sites was within 1% of the
current best measures. This is a surprisingly good estimate.
The data reported from Montana was collected on a different day
from the other data, and so couldn't be used directly. Finally,
the data collected from a second California site deviated quite
substantially from expected, and would have predicted a negative
circumference when combined with the La Mesa data. An exchange of
messages revealed that this site collected their data an hour
before local noon, having failed to take into account Daylight
savings time, which had gone into effect shortly before the week
of the data collection.
Finally, the students in Champaign sent out a summary of the
project:
From: $KIDWIRE
Sent: Jun 16, 1988, 11:10 PM
Subj: Report from Columbia 8th Grade
From: UIUCED!KSMITH
Here is a report from the 8th Graders at Columbia Middle School, Champaign,
Illinois on the Noon Observation Project proposed by Al Rogers that they
participated in during the first week of May.
-------------
Final report on the Noon Project from Columbia Middle School
The 8th Grade Pre-Algebra Class at Columbia Middle
School; Champaign, IL would like to take this opportunity to
thank all the other schools who participated in the Noon
Project. We enjoyed the experiment very much, especially
since our readings with Mt. Helix were so accurate! That
was the best part.
Let us tell you a little about how we arrived at our
reading. Well on Tuesday, May 3rd we broke the class up
into 10 groups of 3 each and with meter sticks taped to book
ends we went out to the black top playground. We all split
up and using computer paper taped to the ground we tried to
measure the shadow our meter sticks cast. We measured every
minute for 10 minutes. It was very windy so one person held
the book end, one steadied the meter stick & the third
measured. We had a rough idea of what pattern the shadows
should have - a lot of them didn't fit the pattern.
On Wednesday our teacher showed us all the data and we
decided we hadn't been very accurate. There was more than a
10 centimeter difference between the longest & shortest
shadows in some minutes, and no two groups agreed on what
minute (actual noon) had the shortest shadow; also there was
some question as to whether we had missed absolute noon. So
we decided to try again with a bit more organization and
experience.
On Thursday May 5th, armed with our meter sticks taped to
book ends, we went out again. This time we had 11 groups,
and we lined ourselves up on the painted end line of the
basketball court (in an area we thought looked most level).
We took 12 - 60 second interval readings. The wind was not
as bad, and we were much better at keeping the stick still
and marking an accurate shadow (where the dark edge
started).
When the data was displayed on the over-head on Friday we
were delighted. There was only a 3 centimeter difference
between the longest & shortest shadows over the entire 12
minutes, and 9 of the eleven groups reached their shortest
shadow in minutes 6, 7 or 8.
We decided then to use only those 9 readings. We then
threw out the longest & shortest of those and took the
average of the remaining 7. This is how we got the length
for the shadow we used to compute our angle.
Our teacher then told us about how to find an angle in a
right triangle using the tangent ratio and we came up with
our angle.
After we sent it off we couldn't wait to get the results.
When we found out how accurate we were with the California
reading, we were proud of our effort.
Aside from getting two class periods on the playground, we
also learned a lot from the experiment.
It was interesting to learn about what Eratosthenes
figured out so long ago, and to do it ourselves in 1988. We
also learned about the solstice, the Tropics of Cancer &
Capricorn, the way the sun shines at an angle, the pattern
the shadows made, and how careful you have to be to be
accurate. We also felt the concept of circumference became
clearer and we could almost visualize the curve of the Earth
between here and California.
So again, thank you to all the other sites, and we hope
you enjoyed this Noon Project as much as we did.
The Pre-Alg Class
at Columbia Middle School
Champaign, Illinois
As indicated by this message, students learned a variety of
things from this project, many of which bridge the content areas
in the conventional curriculum. They learned mathematics in a
meaningful context, got a better feel for geography, learned
first hand the importance of careful measurement, they
participated directly in dealing with the issues of data analysis
and reduction, and learned some of the values of working jointly
with others.
The role of the network in providing support. In order to
learn about the role that the network played in this project, let
us consider whether such a project could have been done without
an electronic network. In terms of conducting a project which
provides a practical context for mathematics skills, the class
could have gone out and used their meter stick shadows and the
shadow of the school's flagpole to determine the height of the
flagpole, as mathematics teachers have done for generations.
However, the network seemed to provide a highly motivating
context for learning, both for the students and for the teachers
involved. More specifically, it provided support in the following
ways: 1) as a source of ideas, 2) as a supplier of tools, 3) as a
source of diverse data, and 4) as a diverse audience.
First of all, the network serves as a source of ideas, suggested
by students, teachers, or other adults elsewhere. Ideas for
projects appear on a bulletin board, and those of interest can be
picked up easily. Unlike source books of teaching ideas, the
network provides an interactive environment, within which ideas
can evolve through interaction.
Secondly, the network provides a means for distributing various
diverse tools for carrying out the project. This includes not
only the instructions and background information (such as those
contained in Al Roger's March 1988 message above), but also
computer-based tools (such as the spreadsheet mentioned in Jim
Levin's March 1988 message above).
Thirdly, the network provides access to a diverse range of data,
beyond that available at any one location. In this project, the
diversity was the different shadow lengths measured at each site.
Phenomena that are common to different sites, but that differ in
some specific way are good candidates for successful
network-based activities. On one hand, phenomena that are
identical between sites provide little motivation for network
communication : a project in which each site measured how fast a
ball rolled down a ramp would provide little motivation since
each site would report essentially the same data. On the other
extreme, network projects are impossible if based on a phenomena
that has no correspondence in some of the sites (a project
between Illinois and southern California schools that involved
measuring the depth of the snow on the ground outside the school
wouldn't work very well if the schools in California never had
snow piled up to measure).
Fourthly, and perhaps most importantly, the network provides a
wider and more diverse audience for the learning activity.
Student data collection, analyses and project write-ups are aimed
not just for the teacher (the usual audience) but also for a
wider range of students, teachers, and other adults across the
country or even around the world. Students' writing has been
shown to improve when aimed at a wider audience provided by a
network (Cohen & Riel, 1989). Our observation is that the
same holds for students engaged in other sorts of network
activities as well.
In general, the network allows us to use the diversity present in
the world in powerful ways for education. Appropriate network
projects are those that are located between the two extremes of
too little diversity and too much diversity, activities that are
based on some common ground, but that use diversity between sites
as a point of focus.
The role of the class in providing support. Now that we've
talked about the various ways that the network can provide
support for learning, let us now consider some of the ways that
the class structure can provide support for network-based
activities. Just as we have classroom activities that don't
involve any electronic network, so we can have network activities
outside the frame of a classroom. Students could participate
after school, or during their free time even while at school.
However, one of the things we have learned from this Noon
Observation Project is some important ways in which the classroom
can provide additional support to network activities.
Let us contrast the Noon Observation Project with an earlier
network-based observational project we conducted, called the Moon
Observation Project (Waugh & Levin, 1988). In this project,
students went home on the night of a first quarter moon, and
measured the angle that the points of the crescent moon made to
the horizon. This angle varies from place to place as a function
of latitude, just like the length of the noon shadow.
When we conducted this project, some students failed to bring in
an observation, others were not very careful about drawing the
angle, and probably some students were not careful about making
the observation at the specified time. The data reflected this by
showing a large amount of variability, large enough to wash out
small differences between sites that didn't have a very large
deviation in latitudes.
One change we plan for this Moon Observation Project is to switch
to observing the last quarter moon instead (which appears
in the early morning sky rather than the early evening sky), so
that the observation can occur during school time as part of a
class activity. It will be harder for students to forget to make
the observation, they will have peer models and teacher help in
making the observations, and the class as a whole will have a
shared context to make the analysis of the data more meaningful.
It will also make it easier for the teacher to integrate the
whole process into the ongoing curriculum. These are all ways in
which the class can provide support for a network-based project.
Improved observations on educational electronic networks
While we consider the Noon Observation Project a successful
network-based project, we still feel there are aspects that need
to be modified. In this section, we will describe what we would
like to change to improve this project. We will try to describe
these changes in ways that point to general properties of
networks projects, as well as this particular one.
One of the strengths of this project were illustrated by the
summary message sent by the Columbia Middle School classroom,
listed above. We would like to increase this sort of student
involvement in the post-data collection aspect of the project.
Part of the problem for this project was the lateness in the
school year that the data was collected. But we also think more
emphasis and planning should go into the post-observational
phase. Students should be encouraged to look in detail at the
overall data, try to identify patterns, and interact with the
other sites to clarify any problems or issues that arise.
Students should be encouraged to work jointly with other students
to develop presentations of the project, which could be a project
for a school's science fair, or even a project for a TeleScience
Fair (Levin, Waugh, & Kolopanis, 1988). This is a science
fair activity conducted on an electronic network, with project
descriptions submitted electronically, posted and judged by
distributed judges, and then "visited" by students,
teachers, and other adults electronically.
Another post-observational activity would be to write up the
project reports for publication in a network-based newspaper or
journal. In the area of science, we have explored the notion of TeleScience
Chronicles (Levin, Waugh, & Kolopanis, 1988), an
electronic journal with sections for student reports of network
projects, as well as sections for review articles, discussion
forums, book reviews, etc.
The main point of these suggestions is that networks can allow us
to engage students in the full range of activities of adult
scientists, including conference presentations, paper submission,
review and publication, scientific debate, etc., not just as data
collectors for some distant expert.
Finally, we would suggest opening up these activities, so that as
students acquire the expertise, they can transcend the
"known answer" aspect of the project and tackle
extensions that would challenge even adult experts. Even with the
Noon Observation Project, one such extension was suggested in a
message that pointed out that an alternative to the round earth
with distant sun hypothesis that Eratosthenes formulated is the
hypothesis of a flat earth with a fairly nearby sun. The
differing shadow length data fits both hypotheses. The challenge
to the students and also to the adults involved is to find other
directly measurable evidence that the earth is round. It turns
out to be surprisingly difficult to gather such first hand
evidence.
These observations on educational electronic networks can guide
the exploration of the educational use of these networks. It is
already clear that electronic networks are very good for
conducting certain kinds of educational activities that would be
very difficult in a conventional classroom. It is also clear that
they are not suitable for all possible activities. Discovering
appropriate network-based activities is the most important
challenge to those exploring education on the electronic
frontier.
References
Cohen, M., & Riel, M. (1989). The effect of distant
audiences on students' writing. American Educational Research
Journal, 26(2), 143-159.
Levin, J., Riel, M., Rowe, R., & Boruta, M. (1986). Muktuk
meets jacuzzi: Computer networks and elementary school writers.
In S. W. Freedman (Ed.), The acquisition of written language:
Revision and response. Hillsdale, NJ: Ablex.
Levin, J., & Kareev, Y. (1980). Personal computers and
education: The challenge to schools. La Jolla, CA: Center for
Human Information Processing.
Levin, J. A., Waugh, M. & Kolopanis, G. (1988). Science
instruction on global electronic networks. Spectrum: The
Journal of the Illinois Science Teachers Association, 13 ,
19-23.
Rogers, A. (1988). Executive summary of work in progress:
FrEdMail Project. Report submitted to the California Educational
Technology Committee and the State Board of Education, July 1988.
Waugh, M., & Levin, J. A. (1989). TeleScience activities:
Educational uses of electronic networks. Journal of Computers
in Mathematics and Science Teaching, 8 , 29-33.
Waugh, M., Miyake, N., Levin, J., & Cohen, M. (1988). Problem
solving interactions on electronic networks. Paper presented at
the American Educational Research Association Meetings, New
Orleans.
Acknowledgments
We want to thank everyone who helped make the networking
activities described in this paper possible. The communication
was supported by the State of California, the University of
Illinois, San Diego State University, and by over seventy
elementary, middle, and high schools across the United States,
each with one or more truly dedicated teachers pioneering this
new instructional frontier. We especially want to thank those
teachers and students who participated in this project: Chris
Martin and D. Starshi from Helena, Montana; Danny Blodgett from
Montana City, Montana; Leigh Zeitz from Bell Gardens, California;
Marsha Korobkin and the students of Helix High School, La Mesa,
California; George Kolopanis and the students from Columbia
Middle School, Champaign, Illinois; Naomi Miyake from Aoyama
Gakuin Woman's College, Tokyo, Japan; Dick Riedl, University of
Alaska, Fairbanks, and David McMullen, Peoria, Illinois.
Click here to see other
guidelines for effective educational network use.
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